Interest Groups and How They Seek To Influence the Making of Public Policy

The history of American politics is a long one, composed of political representation of various interest groups, which play a key role in influencing the public policy.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Interest Groups and How They Seek To Influence the Making of Public Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More James Madison in his paper, ‘Federalist No. 10,’ observed the role of interest groups. However, it is important to establish who these interest groups are, before examining their role in influencing public policy (Almold Powell, 2008). Definition Interest groups are a group of people with similar goals, who work together to advance their interests. An interest group may be formed for the purpose of a specific objective or more objectives, aimed at influencing public policy (Lasser, 2011). The main goal of an interest group is to influence the policies of the government for its cause. Mostly, the interest group works to safeguard the benefits of its members, or certain segments of the society. Most interest groups are voluntary organizations and work towards a common cause of influencing public policy. Unlike political parties, interest groups are less concerned with politics. Their main concern is lobbying on the legislature, with the goal of influencing the political process (Lasser, 2011; Almold Powell, 2008). Classification of interest groups There are many forms of interest bodies. However, the main ones can be grouped into economic organizations. The chambers of commerce, trade unions and religious organizations, are good illustrations. There are also associations of professionals. They are mainly composed of professional bodies and focus much on the welfare of the members. On the other hand, public interest groups, unlike the associations of professionals, place the interest of the general public first (Almold Powell, 2008).Advertising Looking for term pap er on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are also special interest groups, which usually focus on a specific area of interest. Although this classification of interest groups is not exhaustive, they all work towards a certain cause (Almold Powell, 2008). Various interest groups seek to influence policy in various ways, including mobilizing members of the public, educating members of the public at various levels within the society; interest groups are also known for appealing in election activities with a bid to influence electorates to support their agendas (Lasser, 2011). The relationship between interest groups and political parties Political parties and interest groups have a great relationship in the American politics. Interest groups are known for maximizing on policy, while political parties focus on maximizing their dominance in politics through winning majority votes. They both have competing inte rests which have a great implication on the policy making process. Political parties are largely concerned with drawing the support of majority voters, while the interest groups are concerned with influencing the government to legislate on policies that promote their agendas and ideologies (Almold Powell, 2008). Thus, there is a form of tension that exists between political parties and interest groups, which is usually negotiated through corporation. There exists a great difference between interest groups and political parties. Political parties on one hand have tendency to be more elastic as opposed to interest groups. On the other hand, interest groups are more certain on advancing their goals. Political parties are flexible and redefine their position with time and necessity. This is influenced by the fact that members of political parties make compromises and change their views.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Interest Groups and How They Seek To Inf luence the Making of Public Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, interest groups are controlled by their focus and objectives. This makes a clear distinction between the political parties and interest groups (Lasser, 2011). Political parties are much concerned with publicity as opposed to interest groups, which are much concerned with advancing certain agenda. Political parties are more concerned in employing conciliation and tact in cases of stress. It is clear that the society requires a peaceful political environment and thus political parties must handle their dealings with public interest at heart (Schemidt, Shelly, Bardes, 2010). The fact that interest groups are concerned with the interest of a specific group, does not mean that there is no room for flexibility. However, there level of flexibility in an interest group is limited to the core-objectives. An interest group must maintain its core-objective, l est it ceases to exist. Interest groups derive their identity from their values and practices as opposed to a political party (Welch Thomas, 2011). Political parties have been defined to mean organizations of persons, which are formed with the view of directing the policies of the government. Mostly, political parties are made up of persons affiliated to common objectives (Almold Powell, 2008). This explains why political parties are flexible and change from time to time, and still manage to retain their identity as political parties. Political parties are concerned with a wide range of issues, and this makes it hard for them to maintain a particular position.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This allows them to be flexible, in order for them to accommodate all their members who come from different social cultural backgrounds (Schemidt, Shelly, Bardes, 2010). Interest groups appreciate the importance of actual membership. Interest groups must demonstrate members and financial strength. The Congressional Club for instance, has demonstrated its ability to influence. It is known for wielding influence over elected officials as a requirement for membership (Lasser, 2011). It knows very well that when voters are acting together, they wield political power. This makes them to focus on their self interest. James Madison in his work, regarded this kind of power as the mischief of function. The funds raised by the Congressional Club supporters, have contributed to campaign and other activities of this interest group. The interest group is therefore able to influence the policies of the government, since it has an indirect control on the political party (Lasser, 2011). Political parties unlike interest groups, do not depend on the actual number of membership. This is attributed to the fact that a large segment of the population, does not identify itself with political parties. This makes it important for parties to focus on interest groups. This means that political parties are not confined with its members (Lasser, 2011). Both the political parties and interest groups, have different mechanisms of operation. The interaction in interest group’s leadership and membership is limited, and this means that the interest group is much concerned with advocating for the welfare of its members. Political parties on the other hand, have an organizational mechanism of collecting member’s agenda (Almold Powell, 2008). The political parties and interest groups have a great relationship. They share common goals, as they both engage in activities that focus on political clout. Although they remain different in their operation and mechanism, they both play a significant role in influencing policy development by the government either directly or indirectly (Lasser, 2011). Interest groups and their influence These groups concentrate on many aspects, so as to influence the congress and the president. The interest groups are known to concentrate on the monetary resources, through lobbying staffs, budgets and campaign contributions. There is a very complex relationship between politics and money. A large amount of money is known to be used to mobilize the agendas of interest groups (Schemidt, Shelly, Bardes, 2010). Interest groups influence campaigns, through contributions on policies and financings. On the other hand, interest groups are known to contribute to congress members, who are known to them. Interest groups also focus on having institutional gate-keeping positions, which are related to their interest. This ensures that the interest groups, maintain their influence over the congress (Wilson, 2011). Interest groups are made with a v iew of advancing the concerns of their members. The wealthy members of the society are believed to enjoy much access to the process of policymaking. The policy making process is a hard one, and all what interest groups seek to do, is exercise influence over those involved in the policy making process (Itkonen, 2009). Interest groups are known to facilitate communication of the needs, ideas and views of the citizens, to the president and congress. The political structure facilitates a good playing group for interest groups, to influence the policy making process. It always ensures that their interests are safeguarded (Schemidt, Shelly, Bardes, 2010). Interest groups are also participating in election activities. The interest groups are known to exercise certain techniques, like financing certain candidates. There are certain interest groups which conduct grassroots activities, with a view of influencing the policy making process (Itkonen, 2009). In order for them to influence the po licy making process, interest groups undertake to educate the members of the public, including the officials of the government and the congressmen. This assists the interest bodies, to influence how certain policies are developed. It is worth noting that an interest body may mobilize the members of the congress, to influence a policy that best suits their concern (Schemidt, Shelly, Bardes, 2010). Interest groups are known to mobilize the public. This tactic influences the policy making process (Itkonen, 2009). They are therefore motivated by the need to safeguard the interests of these masses, and they will go to the level of writing petitions to the president and contacting the policy makers in a bid to advance these objectives (Wilson, 2011). Owing to a large representation, they manage to lobby the congress as well as the president. The Trade Associations is composed of large segments of various professional bodies; often it takes position on various policy matters. Owing to the fact that its members have incentives to support its activities, it plays a significant role in influencing policy making. The economic interest groups are known to use professional mobilization, in demonstrating their role in policy making (Schemidt, Shelly, Bardes, 2010). Interest groups ensure that they work closely with government officials, and more so, by having legislators who represent their interests. They also engage professional legislators or members of congress, who have a close working relationship (Welch Thomas, 2011). This creates ideological links, thus creating a team structure. They ensure that they have several members within the congress, who advance and protect their interest in the development of policies. This creates an organization that manages to access both the congress and the White House. They still ensure that they manage congress supporters and leaders who undertake the legislations. These interest groups ensure that they have allies, both in the o ffice of the president and in the congress (Itkonen, 2009). Conclusion The interest groups play a critical role in the policy making process. The interest groups support the litigation and legislative writing, that seeks to influence political parties and more so, those in the congress and White House. The members of Senate play a key role in influencing the policy. They buy the opinions of the public, and use such opportunities to advance their concerns in the policy making process. Although not all interest groups promote the public good, some advance the interest of their members or their internal goals. This is justified by the much influence they have on the policy making institutions. It is clear that any political system is concerned with influencing policy. It is also clear that they actually influence policy, through their influence on the president and the congress. Interest groups are major actors in the government. They use the administrative agencies and the legislature , to advance their interest in policy making. In extreme cases, interest groups have used courts, to influence the congress and the president in advancing their interests. Although political parties and interest groups are distinct, they both have a significant influence in the policy making process. Interest groups have a significant influence on politics, and they use this influence to advance the interests of their members, by controlling the policy making process. References Almold, G. A., Powell, G. B. (2008). Corporative Politics Today: A World View. Washington, DC: Longman Publication. Itkonen, T. (2009). The Role of Special Education Interest Groups in National Policy. Washington, DC: Cambria Press. Lasser, W. (2011). Perspectives on American Politics. New York, NY: Cengage Learning Publication. Schemidt, W., Shelly, M., Bardes, B. A. (2010). American Government and Politics Today, 2010-2011. New York, NY: Cengage Publication. Welch, S., Thomas, S. (2011). Understanding A merican Government. New York, NY: Cengage Learning Publication. Wilson, J. Q. (2011). American Government: Brief Version. New York, NY: Cengage Learning Publication. 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Ethical Code Of Data Collection Essay Example for Free

Ethical Code Of Data Collection Essay Ethical code is vital to any survey. Researchers today are obliged to follow the different ethical codes designed and guided by different institutions like government agencies, research agencies and marketing associations pertinent to the different countries, societies and communities. This is the first thing researchers should take into consideration while developing or designing research materials. There are ethical code enforcement bodies in almost all layers of our community from local institutions to the federal level, which has the power to control all the research related activities and their impact in the community. Research is highly affected and influenced by ethical codes. 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Researchers are liable to follow the standard ethical code of data collections coordinated and enforced by the agencies like Marketing Research Association and federal agencies. References Marketing Research Association (2012). Retrieved on October 5, 2014 from www.mra-net.org Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marketing Research an Applied Orientation (Sixth ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Mike Tyson Essay -- Biography Biographies Papers

Mike Tyson Mike Tyson, the youngest ever heavyweight boxing champion of the world was born in a ghetto in the state of New York. His Father departed the family home two years after his birth, leaving his Mother to raise three children with very limited financial means. Subsequently, his Mother found a new partner who was abusive and violent. She then turned to alcohol in an attempt to escape from her existence. Michael, now aged five years, felt neglected and unloved by her but at this time he was unaware that his Mother was suffering from terminal cancer. (Gutteridge & Giller, 1996) Tormented by older children because of his high-pitched voice and clothes from a school charity group, Tyson learned quickly that he could retaliate against the bullies if he physically assaulted them. (Gutteridge & Giller, 1996) Tyson joined street gangs and was arrested for thirty crimes ranging from theft to assault before the age of twelve. Sentenced to a Juvenile Delinquents Centre for two years for mugging a young female, Tyson spent his time in prison learning the sport of boxing. Upon release, Cus D’Amato, a boxing manager and promoter, legally adopted Tyson and provided a stable environment and family atmosphere. â€Å"The following five years were the happiest and most contented Tyson had ever felt†. (Hoffer, 1998, p61) While Tyson was working towards winning the junior Olympic championship, D’Amato died leaving Tyson feeling devastated and alone. Turning professional a year later, Tyson went on to win the world heavyweight boxing championship aged only twenty years old. Once again, Tyson’s behaviour became increasingly errati... ... Fradiman, J. & Frager, R. (1994) Personality & Personal Growth. Harper Collins: N Y Gutteridge, R & Giller, N. (1996 ) Mike Tyson. The release of Power. Queen Anne Press : Herts Hoffer, R, (1998) A Savage Business, The come Back and Come Down of Tyson. Simon & Schuster : New York Hough, M. (1998) Counselling Skills & Theory. Hodder & Sloughton : London Mischel, W. (1976) Introduction to Personality. 2nd Edition Holt, Rinehart & Winston : London Ryckman, R.M. (2004) Theories of Personality. Thomson Wadsworth : U.K. Scott, P. & Spencer, C. (1998) Psychology. A Contemporary Introduction. Blackwell : Oxford Lane, M. (2004) Can a lottery win make you happy? BBC News on Line Magazine. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/magazine/3579213.stm Accessed: Nov 10th at 10am.

Analyzing and Interpreting Data Essay

BIMS management team has been facing a major dilemma of high turnover and extremely low employee morale. BIMS management team has asked Team B to help identify the main cause of the high turnover and low morale and propose an acceptable solution that will result in a decrease of both. Data Collection Conclusion In the past few months we at BIMS have learned, thru the drop in employees that the company’s employee morale was dwindling. So, to help the company boosts the employees’ morale and company image, we decided as a whole in management by collecting data from those that are directly responsible for or affected by the issues, the research should lead them to some resolution to fix the problems we are facing with the turnover in employees. We gave surveys to 449 staff members. The survey collected information on attitudes, opinions, and levels of satisfaction from the staff. We used the levels used nominal, ordinal, and interval levels of measurement for the questions. 449 employees were given surveys, and only 78 turned in the survey, which was less than 18% of the employees. The surveys had flaws and they were biased, causing them to not contain enough input to implement any changes. Summarizing and presenting conclusion Based on the conclusions represented in the collected data of the survey used by management, the findings conclude the overwhelming dissatisfaction of a majority of the employees surveyed. This survey is based on a smaller sample of the entire employee base and represents only those that took part in the process and cannot conclude the entire impact of how all employees feel regarding their employer and how they are ultimately treated in their own minds of fairness. The data gives the management team a look into how their employees feel, what is causing them to consider leaving the company and offers an insight into what the management team can do in order to help  change the perceptions of those that feel negative about any portion of the company. Most employee satisfaction surveys lend the company a well-constructed look into the pulse of their workplace and record proof of dissatisfaction throughout the company, allowing the owners or managers to fix the problems and institute p roductive changes in the area of concern (T. Englander, Employee Surveys, Sept. 1988). Another survey with questions as to why employees are leaving is suggested. Hypothesis Statement Upon the reviews the company has submitted another test asking employees why they are leaving. This survey allows the company to come up with a hypothesis statement and testing. A hypothesis is a statement about a population (Lind, & Marchal, 2011). The company wants to decrease turnover and improve morale. This makes our hypothesis statement if the employee turnover is decreased than the employee morale will increase. Data from the company is then used to check the reasonableness of this statement (Lind, & Marchal, 2011). The survey can identify the areas of greatest concern to the resigning employees. If we look at question 11 that asks employees the primary reason that led them to decide to quit, this could create a hypothesis statement of employees who resigned, did so because they did not like their supervisor. Five Step Hypothesis test The hypothesis test was performed on question 11. Question 11 asks what the primary reason for leaving the organization is. After all the responses were collected 78 out of 78 responses were gathered. Of the 78 responses the two reasons that scored the highest explaining why BIMS employees were leaving the organization was 45% answered their supervisor while 24% were not satisfied with their pay. The null hypothesis would be Ho: = 45 and the alternate would be HÃŽ ±: ≠  45. Testing mean with known variance sample size 78 population variance 0.932281 Mean 2.205128 Null Hypothesis: 45 Type I error 0.05 Z value -391.92 P value (1tail) 1 P value (2tail) 2 Testing The decision was to perform a hypothesis test on question 11 because this gave us the best insight as to why BIMS employees were choosing to leave the organization or had low morale. We decided to use a percentage test to calculate the responses given by BIMS employees for leaving the organization. Below you can see that each question was broken down by percentage of how each employee responded. We took the responses from each question totaled them and then divided them by the number of employees that responded which was 78. The percentages can then be put into a pie chart to create a visual impact. With the attached pie chart it gives BIMS management a clear picture of their employees feelings towards the specific questions asked. For example, most of the employees who answered the survey did not like their supervisor. Interpret Results The results show patterns of dislike toward the management in place and  financial incentive paid to employees. With 45% of all employees surveyed stating their immediate supervisor is not liked, Team B believes it best to introduce management training in an effort to ease the unfavorable tension from the almost half surveyed employees. With limited participation from the employee population, the group cannot strongly encourage change, because of an inconclusive response and varying degrees of discrepancies. Decision Team B used the statistical data obtained from the employee survey results to rule out certain attributes as to why the employees are leaving the company at a faster rate recently. The data points to dissatisfaction in pay and leadership quality. The group believes the decisions made by management have led to a higher quitting rate than ever before, while shift times were ranked very low as a reason for leaving. The survey supports evidence that suggests changes do need to be made in management, and employee departure is relevant to the decisions that have been being made over the past few months. The results also report pay structures need to be addressed, and the company must recognize and be willing to conform to industry standards as far as pay is concerned. Conclusion After processing the small amount of returned surveys completed, the analysis team concludes the returns are far too small to positively make concrete adjustments to many of the possible problems that may be causing employees to quit the company. The team recommends management training with a focus on supervisor’s morale boasting methods in order to help identify those that are not happy with the current management process that takes place. The analyst also reports a need to look into pay increases at the entry levels of the company and make adjustments in an effort to increase productivity and company morale. The team encourages the company to insert a new independent anonymous survey into every employee’s paycheck in hopes of a greater return of data needed to positively make the right changes and implement the changes to keep a happier and healthier work environment. Reference Lind, D., & Marchal, W. (2011). Basic statistics for business & economics (Revised/Expanded ed.). Boston. McGraw-Hill. Englander, Todd, Employee Surveys, Incentive 1988, Sept. pg. 150